Determination of CSA:

• Measurement of ¹⁵N CSA from quantitative measurement of CSA-DD cross-correlation between ¹⁵N-¹H DD and ¹⁵N CSA ( 96JACS6986, 97JMR128-127, 98JACS7109 and 98JACS10947)
• Determination of the magnitude and orientation of ¹⁵N, ¹³CO and ¹HN CSA tensor by monitoring ¹⁵N, ¹³CO and ¹HN chemical shift changes ( 97JACS9825, 99JACS7441, 00JACS10143, and 03JMR171-164) in dilute bicelle solutions. Also see Measurement of Residual Dipolar COuplings.
• Measurement of ¹³CO CSA from measurement of CSA-DD cross-correlation between ¹³CO-¹³CA, ¹³CO-¹⁵N, ¹³CO-¹HN dipoles and ¹³CO CSA ( 00JACS4841)
• Measurement of ¹³CO CSA ( 98JACS6836) in liquid crystalline phase
• Characterization of the 13CO chemical shift tensor orientation in the peptide plane of the dipeptide AibAib ( 01JB167-19)
• Structure Refinement using CO CSA ( 01JACS11065)
• Estimation of hte average magnitude of the CSA and the orientation from standard relaxation T1, T2 and NOE data ( 98JACS9692) or using field dependence longitudinal relaxation rates ( 99JB27)
• ¹³CA CSA correlates with secondary structure ( 97JACS9576)
• ¹⁵N and ¹H CSA in NH systems correlates with hydrogen bonding length ( 97JACS8076 and 02JACS327) and on the secondary structure ( 97JACS8985 and 97JMR128-127)
• Theoretical studies on the orientation of 15N chemical shift tensors in peptides ( 01JACS914, )